只有在下列情况下前缀后才跟短连字符号:
1. 前缀的指定含义加上根词的含义等于它们的组合意。
2. 前缀+根词的含义必须非常清楚,毫无歧义。 前缀只表示在下面的列表中列出的含义。 带有连字符号且含义固定的前缀的优点:
与根词分开,易于识别。
消除歧义。例如:“replace” (代替) and “re-place”(再次放置)意思不同。
淘汰数百个单词,不再需要记忆它们。
鼓励在创造新词时,使用前缀。
区分un -,non-,dis- 和 de-,请参见下面的内容。 左栏英语近似版,右栏为发音拼写一致版(纯民语)。
Prefix
前缀 (AE) |
MEANING 意思 |
EXAMPLES 例子 |
Prefix 前缀 (SSS)
|
above- |
above
在...上面 |
above۔ground |
abov- |
after- |
after, post 在…之后 |
after۔graduation,
after۔colonial |
after۔ |
anti- |
against, opposed
to 反对 |
anti-slavery |
antī- |
arch- |
most important 最重要的 |
arch-duke, arch-enemy |
arq- |
astro- |
outer
space 外太空 |
astro-space,
astro-travel-or |
astrō- |
auto- |
by it's own actions 依靠自身行动 |
auto-pilot, auto-repeat |
oto- |
beneath- |
beneath 在...下面 |
beneath-ground |
benēθ- |
both- |
both
两者都 |
both-cultural |
bōθ- |
centi- |
1/100
百分之一 |
centi-meter |
senti- |
co- |
joint, joinly 共同的,联合的 |
co-author |
cō- |
counter- |
counter to, in response to 对抗,应对 |
counter-attack, counter-claim |
kownter- |
de- |
remove
(something you didn't put there)移除(不是你放的东西) |
de-salt,
de-forest, de-mystify, de-flea |
dē- |
deka- |
10 |
deka-meter |
deka- |
dis- |
reverse a previous action 逆转先前的动作 |
dis-connect, dis-embark, dis-invite |
dis- |
eco- |
ecological
生态的 |
eco-tourism,
eco-friendly, eco-house |
ekō- |
ee- |
electronic 电子的 |
ee-mail, ee-processor
[English "computer"] |
ē- |
electro- |
electric
电的 |
electro-magnetic |
elektrō- |
ex- |
former 以前的 |
ex-boss, ex-wife |
eks- |
exo- |
outside, outer, exterior 外部的 |
exo-planet (outside Earth's
solor system) |
eksō- |
giga- |
one-billion
十亿 |
giga- |
giga- |
grand- |
one
generation younger 下一代 |
grand-daughter,
grand-father |
grand- |
greatgrand- |
two
generations younger 下两代 |
greatgrand-son,
greatgrand-mother |
greatgrand- |
half- |
one-half 一半 |
half-liter, half-circle |
haf- |
hyper- |
excessively
过度地 |
hyper-active,
hyper-sensitive |
hīper- |
inner- |
farther
inward than outer 更向内 |
inner-shirt,
inner-skirt |
iner- |
intra- |
within 在...内部 |
intra-national |
intra- |
kilo- |
1,000 |
kilo-gram, kilo-meter |
kilō- |
less |
reduce
减少 |
less-spend
(spend less), less-emphasize |
les- |
macro- |
from a large perspective 宏观的 |
macro-economics |
makrō- |
mass- |
a huge number 大量 |
mass-production, mass-migration |
mas- |
mega- |
gigantic 巨大的 |
mega-peninsula |
mega- |
micro- |
very small 微观的 |
micro-credit |
mīkrō- |
million |
one
million 一百万 |
million-byte,
million-watt |
milyon- |
mid- |
mid (approximate) 中间(大约) |
mid-afternoon, mid-aged |
mid- |
mili- |
1/1000 |
milli-liter, milli-gram |
mili- |
mini- |
relatively tiny 比较小的 |
mini-skirt |
mini- |
mis- |
incorrect 错误的 |
mis-direction, mis-spell |
mis- |
multi- |
many 多 |
mutli-national, multi-colored |
multi- |
nano- |
one-billionth
十亿分之一 |
nano-meter,
nano-volt |
nanō- |
net- |
remaining
after deductions 净值的
|
net-worth,
net-profit, net-happiness |
net- |
neuro- |
related
to nerves 和神经有关的 |
neuro-psychology |
nūro- |
non- |
not, lack of, absence of, not in that category
不是,缺,不存在,不属于该类 |
non-combatant, non-arrival |
non- |
out- |
better
than a competitor比竞争对手更好
|
out-perform,
out-run |
owt- |
outer- |
farther
outward than inner 更向外 |
outer-garment,
outer-layer |
owter- |
over- |
verb
+ oo much 过于 |
over-eat
(eat too much), over-cautious |
ōver- |
part- |
part, partly (not wholly) 部分(不完全) |
part-way |
part- |
pre- |
before 在...之前 |
pre-pay |
part- |
pro- |
in favor
of (opposite of "anti-") 喜好-(反义词是:反-) |
pro-war |
prō- |
pseudo- |
not genuine despite of
appearances 伪- |
pseudo-science |
sūdō- |
quarter- |
one-quarter (approximate) 四分之一(约) |
quarter-moon |
kwarter- |
quasi- |
partly but not wholly resembling 似- |
quasi-democratic |
kwasē- |
re- |
again 再,又 |
re-enter, re-do |
rē- |
self- |
self 自己 |
self-defense, self-critical, self-biography |
self- |
sub- |
at a lower location in a hierarchy 次级的 |
sub-category |
sub- |
super- |
(converts modifier into superlative) 超- |
super-enviable, super-rich |
sūper- |
supra- |
transcending 超越 |
supra-natural |
sūpra- |
tera- |
one
trillion 一兆 |
bera-byte |
tera- |
trans- |
across 跨- |
trans-continental |
trans- |
twice- |
twice 两倍- |
twice-week-y,
twice-clockhour |
twīs- |
two- |
two 2 |
two-part,
two-system, two-face |
twū- |
ultra- |
excessive beyond common norms超出常规 |
ultra-sensitive |
ultra- |
un- |
opposite of 相反的 |
un-fair, un-legal |
un- |
under- |
verb + not enough 不足的 |
under-eat, under-pay-t, under-achieve |
under- |
uni- |
one, single 一,单一 |
uni-culture |
yūni- |
多个前缀
若要明确表达一个词的意思而需要使用多个前缀,请使用短连字符号(hyphenette)将这些前缀连接起来。
例如:non-re-produce-able(不可再生产的)
区分前缀“non-”和“un-”
Non -为中性,un-包含消极意义。
“Non-”表示“非/不”或“没有”,而“un-”表示“和...相反”。一个工人有一份非专业(non-professional)的工作;律师对着
客户大喊大叫是与专业不相符(un-professional)的行为。所以:
non-combatant(非战斗人员,例如战地护士),non-starter (无法成功的人或事物),non-restrictive (无限制的),
non-legal (没有法律管辖权)。但是:un-clean (脏),un-gentlemanly (粗鲁的),un-fair
(不公平),un-truthful(虚假),un-legal (违法的)。它们之间可以有细微区别。例如:non-helpful (没有帮忙)而
un-helpful
(碍事的)。例如:一个“un-conformist”的行为比一个“non-conformist”的行为与常规行为的差距更大;前者行为主动叛逆而后者只是拒绝配合而已。
有些单词两种前缀都可以带,但在意思上有细微的区别。例如:
un-guarded意味着本来应该守卫但却没有守卫。 non-guarded只是没有守卫。
un-flexible意味着比non-flexible对于变化更加的抵触。
un-rational意味着不理性,而non-rational意味着和理性无关。
un-mercifully暗示着残酷;non-mercifully则意味着缺乏关心。
un-practical不仅non-practical而且可能带来负面后果。
区分前缀“un-”、 “non-”、 “dis-”、 “de-”
民语前缀“dis-”指做与根词反向的动作,所以英语单词“unbutton”
在民语中为“dis-button”。于此相似,“dis-latch”,“dis-do”,“dis-fasten”,“dis-cover”(移除以
前盖在上面的东西),但是没有连字符号的“discover”,其意思是发现以前不知道的东西。因此,“non-buttoned”(还没有扣住)和
“dis-buttoned”(在扣住之后,做相反的动作)意思不同。“de-”
前缀表示「去除已经存在的东西」,例如盐水中的盐。如果一个孩子在苹果上洒了盐,他可以通过清洗来 dis-salt(去盐)。 以下词首因含义过多或易混淆,因此不使用短连字符号:
com,con,in,inter,over 无连字符号的单词示 例:
“premature”的意思是“doing some∙thing before its due
time(过早地做某事)”,而不是“before mature(成熟之前)”
“undernourished” 并非表示位置关系;而是指营养不足。
“recover”意思是回到 先前的状态;“re-cover”意思是“cover again(再一次盖上)”(例如把锅再一次放在炉子上)
“renew”意思不会是“again new”因为“new”不是一个动词。
“repay”意思是“pay back(偿还)”,而不是“pay again(再次付款)”。
“resolve”意思是“find a solution(找到解决办法)”, “settle an
argument(解决争端)”;“re-solve”意思是“solve again (再次解决)”,例如最初的解决方案不能令人满意。
“underweight”不是表示位置关系, 而是“less than average weight(少于平均重量)”。
“ultra”如果不是表示“excessive 极度的)”当然没有短连字符号。例如:ultrasound,ultraviolet,ultramontane。
使用文学级民语说话和写作时将尽量少地使用如上及类似的容易混淆的单词。
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